Ben Franklin and Thomas Paine Essay

From the end of the 1700s and through the early 1800s, America was beginning to see a change in civilization. People were moving from Puritan thoughts and ways towards a new way of a less superstitious, more scientific and intellectual interchange. This movement called the Age of Enlightenment influenced the styles and writings of those like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine. The Age of Enlightenment was a period of questioning and appliance of reasoning to explore many subjects, such as civil rights, often left untouched. People were leaving behind their Puritan pasts and advocating the use of scientific method instead of superstitious beliefs of religion. The Enlightenment takes its name from those who wanted to contribute to a brighter future and society. According to Henry Clark, â€Å"Paine’s importance rests on the fact that he was an idealist, a man who envisaged a happier way of life for all men in the future, who thought in the light of first principles such as the equality and sacredness of all souls before God, and who, since he believed that in the past the life of the common people had been miserable, demanded a sharp break with the past, with tradition† (Clark). He wrote â€Å"Common Sense† even though he was acting in treason because he held firm to his beliefs that America should be independent.. He uses many techniques while writing, one being the overall patriotic and simple tone. Staying away from Latin phrases or philosophical arguments, Paine wrote â€Å"Common Sense† in simple terms, referring to the Bible and making the overall tone similar to that of a sermon. For example, he writes, â€Å"In the following pages I offer nothing more than simple facts, plain arguments and common sense† (Paine 335). He wanted to make sure that all Americans could understand the idea of independence, and that independence from England could be achieved. Paine also uses a number of aphorisms to introduce his argument. By doing so in â€Å"The American Crisis†, he captures the readers, allowing them to understand these small, witty statements on a personal level. For example, Paine writes, â€Å"The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph† (Paine 345). By using aphorisms, he was able to hint the audience of what is to come throughout his writings. In another example he writes, â€Å"These are the times that try men’s souls† (Paine 345). These aphorisms make the reader think and ask themselves questions that are later answered through the text. The Age of Enlightenment was also evident in Benjamin Franklin’s writings. The Autobiography† establishes in literary form the first example of the fulfillment of the American Dream. He writes of the possibilities of life in America through his own rise from the lower middle class as a youth to one of the most admired men in the world as an adult. Furthermore, he states that he achieved his success through a solid work ethic. For instance he writes, â€Å"It was about this time that I conceived the bold and arduous project of arriving at moral perfection† (Franklin 307). He wants have that American dream, so he comes up with the thirteen virtues to help him. He proved that even undistinguished people can, through industry, become great figures of importance in America in his writings. His â€Å"The Autobiography† also reflects idealism. He somewhat writes of intellectual flourishment and political thought and during part two, he is trying to live them out. According to Betsy Erkkila, â€Å"while the Revolution is not present as part of the manifest content of Franklin’s narrative, it is present as the political or narrative unconscious of Franklin’s â€Å"Life†Ã¢â‚¬â€œas a scene of social crisis, bloody contest, and challenge to traditional structures of authority in family, society, church, and state† (Erkkila). This meaning that even though it wasn’t spoke of directly, the revolution was desired by Franklin so others could have the American dream and achieve as he did. In conclusion, the Age of Reason, or The Enlightenment was a good period for the New World. Through the literary works of those such as Paine and Franklin, they helped create and mold the definition of America and the American dream. Franklin and Paine used numerous styles of writing such as aphorisms, themes like the American dream to help America succeed.

Pilgrims Progress Short Form Essay

MAIN CHARACTERS (a clear, concise description of each): Christian is the main character, he has a simple personality. He represents just one aspect of the human experience: the search for religious truth. He is his faith (hence the name) his motivation, the search for salvation in the celestial city, is the one aspect that clearly defines him. Apollyon is the antagonist, he has a physical irregularity that displays his evil. Apollyon is a hybrid being, part dragon, bear, human, and fish, the air associated with his wings, the fire linked with dragons and the earth that bears live on. These combination convey his immense power, suggesting that he draws power from all parts of the universe, his nature is complex, the exact opposite of Christians extreme simplicity. MINOR CHARACTERS (a clear, concise description of each): Evangelist- the messenger carrying the gospel, or the word of Christ, to Christian he spurs Christian on his journey to the celestial city. Obstinate- a neighbor of Christian in the city of destruction who refuses to accompany him. Pliable- A neighbor if Christians who accompanies him for a while. After falling though the slough of Despond , Pliable is discouraging and returns home, only to be mocked by the townsfolk. Help- Fellow pilgrim who helps pull Christian from the Slough of Despond. Worldly Wiseman- A reasonable and practical man whom Christian encounters early in his journey Worldly Wiseman tries unsuccessfully to urge Christian to give up his religious foolishness and live a content secular life. Formalist- A traveler whom Christian meets along the wall of Salvation. With his hypocrisy, Formalist sneaks over the wall, instead of following the straight and narrow as Christian did. Hypocrisy- Formalist’s travel companion Discretion- One of the four mistresses of the Palace Beautiful. Discretion takes Christian and feeds him. Piety- one of the four mistresses of the palace Beautiful. Piety asks Christian about his journey so far. Prudence- One of the four mistresses of the Palace Beautiful. Prudence tries to understand Christian’s purpose in traveling to Mount Zion Charity- One of the four mistresses of the palace Beautiful. Charity asks Christian why he did not bring his family, which causes him to weep. The Interpreter- Spiritual guide who shelters Christian. The Interpreter instructs Christian in the art of reading religious meanings hidden in everyday objects and events, which he houses in his Significant Rooms. Shining Ones- Three celestial creatures who clothe Christian with the new garments and give him the certificate. The Shining Ones act as guardians throughout Christians journey. Faithful-Fellow pilgrim from Christian’s hometown who reports on the city they both left behind. Faithful loyally accompanies Christian until he is executed in the town of Vanity for the crime of disrespecting local Satan- worshiping religion. Talkative- Fellow pilgrim who travel alongside Christian and faithful for a while. Talkative is spurned by Christian and faithful for a while. Talkative is spurned by Christian for valuing spiritual words over religious deeds. Mr. By-ends- A user of religion for personal ends and social profit. Mr. By-ends accompanies Christian briefly after Christian escapes from vanity. Hopeful-Pilgrim who replaces Faithful as Christian’s travel companion and confidant after leaving Vanity, all the way to Celestial city. Hopeful saves Christian’s life in the river before the gates to mount Zion Giant Despair- Master of the doubting castle. Giant Despair imprisons Hopeful and Christian for trespassing on his domain and is later killed by Great-Heart and Christian’s sons. Diffidence- Giant Despair’s wife. She encourages the harsh punishment of Hopeful and Christians in the Doubting Castle. Demas- Gentlemanly figure who tries to entice Christian and Hopeful with silver and dreams of wealth. Temporary- A would-be pilgrim whom Christian speaks of in a cautionary way, warning of Temporary’s backsliding before his spiritual progress was complete. MAIN SETTING(S) (a clear, concise description of each): There is no main setting; the novel occurs in a variety of places. ONE PARAGRAPH PLOT OUTLINE: Faith, Hope, Mercy, Envy, Ignorance, Guilt: These are not abstract concepts, but the names of vividly imagined, sharply draw human characters encountered by Christian, the hero of The Pilgrim’s Progress. In Christians search for salvation, each step along the way becomes a dramatic rendering of an inner state of the human psyche. As Christian journeys from â€Å"The wilderness of this world† to the glory of the Celestial City, he confronts a seemingly endless array of temptations, threats, and dangers, including the nearly irresistible allure of material splendor at Vanity Fair; the crushing psychological burden of depression and despair in the Slough of Despond ; and the fear and uncertainty that eats away at faith in the Doubting Castle. TWO OR THREE SYMBOLS (explain references and importance): City of Destruction- the city represents the entire world as it is, with all of its sins, corruptions, and sorrows, no one living there can have any hope of salvation. Interpreter- a character symbolizing the Holy Spirit. ONE OR TWO SENTENCES ON DOMINANT THEMES (State the theme correctly, e.g, â€Å"Love is blind.† NOT â€Å"the theme is about love.† What about it? BS. See Lit Book, p1187): The path to spiritual salvation is one full of many obstacles. STYLE ANALYSIS- CITE EXAMPLES AND ANALYZE THE EFFECT: The Style Analysis portion of your short form must be ONE Page. Use bullet points-NOT narrative format- like ur Novel Notes Single Spaced- but otherwise MLA format one inch margins N E Tabs s/b 1.5† Use Bullet Points – NOT narrative format ELABORATE on the Effect! Use your TOOLBOX and HandOuts DICTION: SYNTAX: FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE: FOUR SHORT (memorable QUOTATIONS TYPICAL OF THE WORK – include speaker and occasion. 1. â€Å"quote† – â€Å"Here is a burdened sinner. I come from the City of Destruction, but am going to Mount Zion, that I may be delivered from Wrath to come; I would therefore, sir, since I am informed that by this gate is the Way thither, know if you are willing to let me in?† Speaker – Christian Occasion – Christian introduces himself to the gatekeeper Goodwill, so that he can get through the gate and continue on his journey to salvation. 2. â€Å"quote† – â€Å"By this I perceive thou art one of my subjects; for all that country is mine, and I am the prince and God of it. How is it then that thou hast run away from thy king?† Speaker- Apollyon Occasion – Apollyon tries to kidnap Christian and thwart his journey. 3. â€Å"quote.† –   You will use this Short Form to write your analysis essay.

My mother tongue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

My mother tongue - Essay Example to learn that one’s native dialect forms a foundation for understanding other languages, but it is also difficult communicate when outside the cultural setting within which it is normally spoken. What’s more, I strongly believe that our cultures, family members, and peers influenced our mother tongue most. My mother tongue is Chinese. Regardless of the language I speak presently, I have spoken Chinese for my whole life. As such, I knew Chinese and English are totally different in some ways. For example, in terms of â€Å"Though†, Chinese grammar said you must have a transition â€Å"but† after words like though/although/even though. However, in English, it doesn’t, it’s wrong if we add â€Å"but† in the sentence. Well, my culture influenced me a lot in that way so that when I first came to United States 3 years ago, I kept making this mistake. Additionally, Chinese culture has one tense, what we did is just simply add a time period before sentence started. For instance, when we want to talk about something in the past, we just add â€Å"in the past† before the whole statement, followed by a comma, making all the succeeding words to be in the past tense. If we need to end that past tense, we simply add another transition word. However, in Engli sh, I came to learn that sentences could not be outlined like that. Instead, we should use past tense when talking about something in the past and use the future tense when something is about in the future. To that effect, my Chinese culture has influenced my grammar so much that I sometimes keep making mistakes when differentiating tenses. These examples show that, even though all languages are supposed to make communication between people easy, they can differ based on the cultural environments where they are used. My family and peers were the primary influence to my mother tongue as I grew up. As far as I remember, People who live in Zhejiang Province like me, find it hard to pronounce the letter â€Å"R† in Chinese

Personal statement for college admission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal statement for college admission - Essay Example A few years since that pivotal day, I can now proudly confess that I am part of the strongest naval force in the world. I have come to the realization that I have matured more than I could ever imagine, and that my journey has just begun. Before I decided to join the military, I was neither ready for college nor the discipline it would take to reach my professional goal of becoming a doctor. I was naive and overconfident. My lack of responsibility proved to me that in life, nothing comes easy, and I blew my chance of having an education. After four years of attending college, I was dismissed and had no one to blame other than myself. However, something in me kept telling me that I was not destined for failure. I embarked on a new road in search of whatever I was missing. I soon realized that once I set my mind to it, I would be able to find my true capabilities and myself. As I now come to the end of my military career, I am ready for a new challenge. As I considered what my next achievement would be, I realized that a long time ago when I was a young boy in high school, I had made up my mind. I knew that in order to succeed, I had to take on the toughest challenge – to succeed in the best educational environment.There was only one place I could see myself pursuing that challenge: the University of Miami. Once again, I have decided to ride on a bus towards a brighter future, but this time, I am the only passenger. I now understand that the responsibility and discipline required to be successful in anything lies in my hands. I am confident that I will always rise up to face even the toughest challenge. I proved this when I was in the Navy where I was attending college, going on deployments, which had separated me from my children. I succeeded against all odds. There are many paths to our dreams, but I failed once before. I have learned the hard way that we fall so that we may rise

Caring for the Dying Patient and Their Family Members Essay

Caring for the Dying Patient and Their Family Members - Essay Example Healing begins at this intersection where clinical problems/issues (dilemmas) emerge and suffering can best be understood. It is the accepting of others' different perspectives and beliefs that helps strengthens and creates resilience in the crisis time of suffering. The experience of suffering from an illness can be alleviated by those who play a role in the lives of the one suffering. These individuals are the ones whom the patient is connected with. We often consider the ones who are connected to the person with the illness as close family members and friends. Doctors and nurses, particularly family nurses can play a big role in alleviating the patient's suffering. The reason they play a big role is because the person with the illness, or the patient, has close ties to the nurse (medical practitioner) as he or she depends on the nurse for medical care on a regular basis. Some patients and family members (this includes friends) may not realize it but the nurse also provides more than medical care such as emotional and mental encouragement, strength, hope, and so on. Or the nurse can offer the opposite and place more fear and discouragement upon the patient and family members. There is much stress when dealing with one who is suf... Not only is there stress for the patient and family members but stress for the medical staff. All humans need the support of others. When hit by a major life-changing event, humans usually have the need to share this experience with someone who they feel close to-a friend, work associate, and/or a spouse. Many studies have shown that the impact of a major life event can be changed, or modified, by a support network. (Rock, 1992 The responsibilities of nurse and medical practitioners extend further than they used to. It no longer is an age where the nurse just helps solve medical problems and cares for the physical ailment. They are an extension of the family and a link/connection to the family's ability to handle and overcome the experiences of suffering. The nurse and family interact with each other and converse with each other in this trying time and it is the knowledge, understanding, and relieving of the suffering from this type of interaction that gives the family strength and resilience during a time of family crisis. The way a nurse thinks, the languages he or she uses, the questions he or she asks, and the values that are placed on relationships can create family strengths and resiliency in the midst of suffering. "Illness is a family Caring for Patient 4 affair" and the medical staff members are part of the family. (Bell, J., 1992, pp. 244-246.) Resiliency is the "ability to recover readily from illness, depression, adversity, or the like; buoyancy," as defined by resiliency. (n.d.). Resiliency is the ability to bounce back after a down time especially a time of crisis. Suffering from an illness is definitely a time of crisis for the family. Families know quite well the experience

Dome shell structure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Dome shell structure - Research Paper Example good opportunity to learn more about these historical structures on how their evolvement came about, their practice state in the down of this 21st century. Starting from the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, the Livestock Pavilion in Raleigh, and the Madison Squire Garden in New York all along to the Olympic Stadium in Munich, also from the Pontiac Silver dome found in Michigan Sydney Opera House in Australia plus Haj terminal in Saudi, this unique landmark structures exist. They make us swollen with pride and we are linked by these unique architectural designs (Buckminster Fuller Institute 1). Each structure is a model on its own. Yet the term unique structures cannot be disqualified. Unique structures refer to inventive long span structural systems mainly roofs to the areas to house people. Particularly they incorporate several structures like grids or space frames, cable and strut, geodesic domes, tension membrane and thin shells. Thin shells plus tension membranes, are regarded as form resistant structures, because they oppose loads by desirable quality of their shape. Structures, which oppose load by bending, may be classified by the use of span - depth ratio. Tensile structures are more competent as compared to arches for they do not buckle. Even if efficient in material consumption, they generate greater pull forces at their support (Buckminster Fuller Institute 1). Spain’s Eduardo Torroja is credited for the systematic study of engineering of the shells’ architecture in the 1930s. Felix Cinderella’s work in Mexico ignited this sudden popularity of the shells in the 1950s. His shells were amazing both outwards and for bold engineering. When a 75mm (3 in.) wide shell was regarded daring, Cinderella constructed a hyperbolic parabolic shell with not more than 16 mm (5/8 in.) wideness for the Cosmic Ray Pavilion at the University of Ciudad in Mexico. The following design was that of Esquillan, it is one of the marvelous engineering of the 20th century, whose

The Needs of Students in a Boarding School Setting Essay

The Needs of Students in a Boarding School Setting - Essay Example These activities will impliedly come from the office of the guidance counselor who is adept in designing life course strategies according to the stages of development that an individual or a particular group of people undertakes. There is thus, a necessity for the boarding school to be sensitive and be attuned to the needs of the students who have to face the necessary adjustments to the new surroundings rendered by their studies and the ones caused by their departure from their families towards living an independent life. Students in boarding school settings need to take care not only of their studies but of their everyday life as well. Taking care of their own belongings is a primary issue, such as washing their clothes or bringing them to the laundry store, cooking their own food or buying them, making sure that their toiletries are complete and are not running out of stock, and the like. All of these things rival with the attention that they should give to their studies, indicating that they need a great deal of time management in order to attend to each chore. It is important that students are able to manage a relevant level of self-esteem in their new life in the boarding school, as this may be hampered by the adjustments that they go under - new environment, new room, new faces, new friends, new classmates, new subject matters, and new professors. The list is a myriad. The student is left with no option but to overcome all the initial difficulties that pertain to his new environment - otherwise, he goes back to his family and hometown. Self-esteem in the early years had been based on how the important adults in an individual's life feel and care about them, ensuring protection and well-being (Cox 2007). Significantly, this definition has been revised towards how a person feels about himself, indicating the level of his appreciation of himself. The question of whether self-esteem is put to a 'cliffhanger' is another issue when one enters a boarding school. When he was still a child, the individual was used to being loved and valued by his parents who respond to his cries and smiles (ibid). Hence, whatever pressure or disappointments he may encounter in the boarding school may significantly affect his level of self-trust and self-concept. This is where the aid and assistance of a counselor is needed. Characteristics of Boarding Schools Private boarding schools are high schools, which are high-powered private schools with a boarding component so that people can come from all over the country and the world. Examples of these are schools like Exeter, Choate, Hotchkiss, Hun, Deerfield, and the like. Since students come from different parts of the country and t

Personal reflections Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflections - Personal Statement Example y’s economic structures and patterns remain questionable since they provided a conducive enrolment for individuals to loot public funds, I will endeavour to implement technological financial and planning applications to ensure lucidity and accountability of the use of the public funds. On the representation of workers, I would opt leading from the front in the agitation of the workers’ rights. My success in addressing the issues of transparency and accountability can be assessed through the accomplishment of the internal technological controls, which ensures transparency and accountability consequently reduction of public funds. The group discussion on my view of the public service and workers seem to correlated except on the roles I will play in the future in the representing of the workers. The contrasting views on the role to take up in defending workers rights are influenced by the dynamism in leadership. In addition, the diverse personalities, which include, confidence, articulation of ideas and general perception of issues largely influence the position of different individuals on this

Auditing case assignment Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Auditing assignment - Case Study Example The balance sheet accounts will substantiate or given ample evidence that the revenues reported in the income statements are valid and relevant. For, an increase in cash in the balance would indicate that a cash sales transaction occurred. However, an increase in cash could also be attributed to collection of accounts receivable and not a new sales transaction. In addition, an increase in receivables account would indicate a possible sales on account transaction. On the other hand, an increase in receivables account could be due to an reinstatement or reversal of an accounts receivable that had been written off. Accounts receivable are written off if there is a probability that the a certain amount of receivables can no longer be collected because the customer may be absconded or has filed for bankruptcy in the courts2. Yes, the substantive approach appropriately was applied in EM's audit of Maxall. First, EM determined that a violation of the auditing principle that segregation of incompatible functions occurred. Auditing principles state that incompatible functions of recording, keeping and approving should not be placed in the shoulders of one person.

Economic trade Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic trade - Assignment Example Nations restrict international trade is the need to protect the infant domestic industries from unfair trade practices and ensure the newly developing industries grow in order to become competitive. The governments may impose quotas on imported products in certain industries and issue subsidies to the domestic industries in order to facilitate their growth and attain competitiveness in the international markets (Boudreaux, 2008, p 62). The nations also restrict international trade in order to safeguard the local jobs from ‘cheap labor abroad’ through supporting the establishment of domestic industries that will create jobs for the population. For instance, the US government has outlined initiatives that reward companies that create jobs for US industries rather than shipping jobs to least expensive manufacturing countries. The US motor industry is an example where the government has undertaken measures in order to ensure the firms establish manufacturing and assembly plants within the country borders in order to create jobs. The restrictions also shield downgrade of the domestic wages due to influx of cheap labor from the developing countries (Grimwade, 2006, p 72). According to Grimwade (2006), nations will restrict international trade if the national security is at stake (p 71). For instance, nations protect the national defense industries and associated industries such as oil industry. For instance, the US government has embarked on attaining fuel efficiency through investing in low emission and sustainable energy sources in order to stop reliance on imported oils. Boudreaux (2008) asserts that nations may restrict international trade in order to control their trade deficit through use of tariffs in order to control the volumes of imports in to the economy (p 58). Another reason why governments restrict international trade is to gain revenues from the high tariffs and taxes that are

Technological Applications within Human resource Essay Example for Free

Technological Applications within Human resource Essay Human resource department is moving from the traditional way of doing things that is remote and inefficient to a more modern way through computerization that comes with great benefits and surpasses the traditional methods. A computerized system can be termed as eHR which simply means the use of predictable, web and voice innovations to enhance firm’s dealings, organization and process performance. It is therefore prudent for the CEO of the company to embrace such a modern system for efficiency in the firm in order to enhance the human resource services, in order to reduce operational costs, to improve the relationship between the management and the entire staff, to meet customer demands and to offer quality services to its customers and the staff. Technological applications within HR department have various benefits that include the following: with computerized systems the human resource department can develop a viable information strategy that will lead to increase in accessing the relevant information. Another benefit is that of achieving consistent and streamlined processes. This leads to a good and organized system that ensures that the laid down procedures are harmonized to be applicable to all and without confusion. The other benefits come up through the acquisition of the right information for those who need it to make correct decisions thus avoiding risks and losses that come up from guesswork. Also with technological application the management has the opportunity to achieve and maintain a superior internal profile for human resource that leads to achieving the goals and objective of the organization as stipulated by the mission and the vision of the company. (Hal and Dianna, 2005) However, such technological innovations have their own drawbacks and therefore needing the CEO’s attention; such problems include lack of understanding of the system developed using advanced technologies. There is need for the organization to incur extra funds to manage the advancement and also train those working to be better and efficient in utilizing the new technology. Another problem comes up due to inadequate coding of information that is arrived at when there is poor setting of the structures used to code. The middle level managers and supervisors may also bring a problem by holding and maintaining information that may help both the workers and the company at large. This comes when the managers do not have easy access to the system and a lot of manual that holds them . Lack of clarity of responsibilities for getting information on how the system can be used can also cause a great harm thus needing responsibilities to be well specified to correct the problem Research has shown that there is need to come up with a good computerized system for efficiency in the HR department to ensure that there is ease of managing the human resource. Such systems will include: holding personal details about the individuals workers that will include skills, qualification, career history, leave and absence records. Another system will include the production of reports which summarize diverse aspects of this information. It will also hold particulars about employees’ jobs which include things like their job grades, job description, role classification and pay and their benefits. It will also be of value to the company if the CEO ensures that there is information on recruitment and training administration. The computerized system in the company should also be able to provide information by recording and analyzing absence, labour turnover and attendance that helps management to make decisions on individual workers. It should be able to do job evaluation of the workers. For reward management and human resource planning, it will need a sophisticated system that will be in a position to support strategic decision making. (James, 2002) Provision of linkages to the internet is also a part of computerized system which will ease the function of the management of the company and can be of help in instances where the companies do recruitments and other things through the internet. There will be pitfalls that will automatically come from computerization that will not be received well by the affected in general. This are for instance the need for all the personal details about individuals can be tricky to workers since the management can base it in making decisions about them that may be of negative impact. Those being retrenched for instance will be sorted according to the information on qualification academically rather than experience In the event where the accessibility of workers information is not well protected, it can find way to people who can use it against persons who are the bearers of the said information and it becomes very dangerous to the workers. The personal details that must be handled with privacy include: medical history and discipline, employees qualifications, absence, special skills and competence e. t. c must be kept very private. Some top managers may take advantage and misuse the available information to mistreat those that are vulnerable and result to even others deciding to leave the organization while others will be affected psychologically and lead to reduced labour turnover. Some workers inaccessibility and familiarity with technology will make them feel inferior and will not take into account their various responsibilities and needs thus affecting them in the way they perform their duties. (Hal and Dianna, 2005) Best plan for the CEO The CEO must adopt the modern computerized technology to be in a position to be efficient and more organized for the success of the company. The CEO must establish the current need and also the future needs of the business and also analyze everything that results from information system that will be designed. It will require the company to ensure that the systems developed will be well customized to better serve the company and the whole population at large and it can be in a position to hold all the information of workers and avoid information overload so as to be integrated and also give maximum output for the benefit of the company. There is a need to come up with a good statement of all the requirements to make the computerization a success. Taking into consideration the business requirements, the CEO must identify the best options to tackle the problem while at the same time being strategic to realize the business goals set by the company. The CEO must support it by giving financial support after evaluation and analysis and then go ahead to buy the needed facilities. (James, 2002) The system should be in a position to get direct input at source to be able to get the data that is vital for the basis of decision making. It should solve the problems that were experienced there before and help the line managers by giving them information in an easy understandable manner. The system designed must not only help deal with the management information system but should also handle the administrative processes well. The CEO must ensure that they acquire the best technical infrastructure to support the program well. They will include the following; Application Service Provider (ASP) It will help the administration to do its administrative role well through a proper. Smaller or medium sized organizations rely on ASP in outsourcing the burden of running the system. ASP will help the company very much since the number of workers is around 200 HR/corporate intranet It is an electronic system that is networked therefore enabling all the available information to be communicated to departments and the centers that require the information within the organization. The available information that can be relayed comprises HR policies’, links that can be of help to the management to interface with other workers directly with HR applications and make changes or enquiries that can give assistance when required. B2E portal The organization can utilize this system that can help the human resource department by providing it with a single intranet screen that can make the company to collect information on the workers and give the workers and the people ready access to it. Human resource information system It is very important for the CEO to have a human resource information system that helping managing the HR processes and include important data that include, payroll systems, reward and performance management, recruitment e. t. c (Hal and Dianna, 2005) Conclusion It has been proved globally that modern organizations can only succeed when they are equipped with modern computerized system that can help the management of human resource for the growth and success of firms. The CEO has no choice but embrace the modern way that is easily manageable and less costly in the long run. With a number that is between 180 to 200 workers ‘keeping the file system to store information for the whole population can be quite hectic and also expensive since it will require a good number of workers to work in the human resource department to serve the company and the workers. Information required from files takes a very long time to be accessed unlike in the computerized system that is fast and efficient and can be made to perform multi-tasks and handle I perfectly unlike the use of workers who can only give attention to only one chore at a time. The company will now be in a position to assist give crucial information for better management and also handle issues related to their payments and also administer pay reviews, job evaluation e. t. c for the success of the company. (James, 2002)

Assignment Work Within A Legal And Efficical Time Frame Essay Example for Free

Assignment Work Within A Legal And Efficical Time Frame Essay 1. Why is it important for a worker in the Community Services Industry to follow their job description? Because we have a duty of care to our clients and following our job description is the way we can give our clients the best way to provide a profession standard of service. And keeping in line with the polices kept in place by the organisation. 2. Define the term policy. A policy are rules set out that need to be followed. 3. Define the term procedure. A procedure is a step by step way of how a organisation achieves its desire goal. Why do Community Services Industry workers need to work within agency policy and procedures? Provide three (3) reasons. Ensure they do they do their job properly So No unnecessary harm is caused to the client To provide a proper duty of care to the client 4. Give five examples of areas that should be covered in a policy/procedure manual. Occupational health and safety Duty of care Communication Mandatory Reporting (child abuse) Case management procedure 5. Define the term legislation. Legislation are laws which have been enforced by the state or federal government. 6. Define the term statutory requirements? An act that requires you to do something or not do something is a statutory requirement. 7. Define the term regulatory requirements? Regulatory requirements are rules that tell you how a service should be run. 8. List three pieces of legislation impacting on the Community Services Industry and state the purpose of each. Legislation has the word ‘Act’ in the title. 9. When gathering personal information from a client, what do you need to tell them? Task B Case Study Read the following case study: You are a family and community worker employed by a community-based organisation that is located in a public housing estate. You have been working with the following family for a number of months. Julie has four children, aged 2-10 years old, and lives in a public housing estate in ‘Springvale’. You became involved with Julie’s family when she moved to the estate, having left Bill, the father of her children, due to experiencing domestic violence. Julie was granted public housing due to her single parent status, and she is receiving Parenting Payment (Single) from Centrelink. She was referred to your service, regarding her issues of isolation and parenting difficulties with her elder children. The focus of your intervention has been supporting Julie in her parenting role, linking her with community resources and developing budgeting skills. Julie has never been notified to the state child protection services for suspected abuse of her children. During recent visits, you are becoming increasingly concerned about Julie’s lifestyle. Arriving at Julie’s place in the morning, the flat  is very chaotic, the older kids are always rushing off late to school, and the flat is very messy, with unwashed dishes and scraps of food lying around. The younger children seem to always be watching TV and there is evidence of heavy drinking the night before. On your last visit, Julie informed you that Bill was moving in with her and the kids. Despite Bill’s heavy drinking, Julie is very lonely and not coping with the kids well on her own. She plans to keep this a secret from Centrelink and the state public housing department, as she may no longer be eligible for her financial benefits or subsidised housing. While you acknowledge Julie’s feelings of isolation, you are very concerned for the children’s safety if Bill returns to the family home. You decide that you need to discuss some of these recent developments with Julie. You are aware that Bill is very ‘anti-community workers’ and may react very negatively if he is there when you turn up. He has a history of bullying and threatening behaviour with community agencies that have assisted the family in the past. Answer the following questions based on the case study: 1. How would you find out what your roles and responsibilities are as a family worker? 2. In this case study what would be your roles and responsibilities as the worker? 3. Consult the attached Job Description. From the job description state three (3) key responsibilities and discuss how you could apply each of the responsibilities to this family. 4. As the worker, identify and discuss two (2) ethical dilemmas in this case study. You need to state the ethical dilemmas from the learning material and discuss why it could be a dilemma for you as a worker. 5. What principles of ethical decision making would you need to be aware of when dealing with the ethical dilemmas you identified, and why? 6. Identify the factors that contribute to risk of harm of the children in this case study. 7. Identify and discuss your duty of care in relation to each family member? 8. If you were unsure about how to proceed in working with this family, what would you do next? Read the next part of the case study and answer the following questions: In the course of your work with Julie and her family, Julie expresses dissatisfaction about your work with her family. She is adamant that you have a vendetta against Bill, and that you have breached her confidentiality by discussing her situation with other services (such as Centrelink) and is accusing you of acting unprofessionally. 9. Identify Julie’s rights in this situation. 10. Identify the legislation that supports client complaints in this industry. Legislation has the word â€Å"Act† in the title. 11. Discuss how you would deal with Julie’s complaint. Task C Answer the following questions: 1. From the learning material, identify a model for working through issues and dealing with ethical dilemmas. 2. From the learning material, identify the significant ethical guidelines in the Community Services Industry. 3. From the learning material, identify ways that we can ensure client rights are upheld. 4. From the learning material, identify the basic organisational procedures that you will need to follow when managing a complaint. 5. At what point would you consider using an advocate or an advocacy service? 6. Define these terms: Abuse Neglect Risk Job Description Position:Family Support Worker Location:Springvale Community Services (SCS) Classification:Community Services Worker Grade 3 Social and Community Services Employees (State) Award Hours of Duty: Full time position – 38 hrs/week Position Objectives To support community, families and individuals as an advocate, point of referral and/or resource. Within Organisation Compliance with Springvale Community Service’s Code of Conduct, Goals and Objectives, Mission Statement and Policies and Procedures Compliance with all relevant Legislation, Regulations and Awards Compliance with relevant government funding requirements Compliance with individual scope of practice Maintain privacy and confidentiality of information within SCS Promote a positive image of SCS Maintain a commitment to SCS’s Corporate Plan Liaise with community service providers to plan and engage direct service provision Maintain effective communication and interpersonal skills Efficient and effective utilisation of resources as allocated under the level of responsibility for the position Key Responsibilities Provide direct services to families and individuals that encompass, in consultation with the client(s), identification of issues/needs and implementation of a mutually agreed plan of referral and/or resource acquisition. Provide referral of clients to appropriate / specialist services as required At the request of the client, act as an advocate and/or support for clients accessing referral services and other agencies. Work  within relevant legislation, regulations, codes of practice/conduct and organisational policy and procedures. Maintain factual and objective client records acknowledging the provision of the Privacy Act. Provide outreach services, as required Submit monthly operational and statistical report to the Co-ordinator of Springvale Community Services Perform other duties as requested by the Co-ordinator Actively participate in weekly staff meetings Participate in and contribute to the overall Springvale Community Services Strategic Plan Provide a weekly planner at beginning of each week outlining activities relating to the position role to the Co-ordinator Maintain ongoing professional development ensuring up-to-date knowledge of legislation, referral resources and current professional practices Reporting Relationships

The Theoretical Basis Of Agritourism

The Theoretical Basis Of Agritourism Agritourism can be explained as a farm enterprise operated for the enjoyment and education of the public that may also generate additional income for the farmer by promoting farm products and experiences and giving many opportunities to local community to enhance their living standards (Wilson et al., 2006). The concept is gaining popularity and its providing a great escape for people in urban environment from their high-paced, strenuous and many times monotonous lifestyle. At the same time its helping the new generation to get first-hand experience of the rural life, which otherwise is limited only to the books for them. Spending time on the farms, interacting with the local people and farmers to get an insight into their day-to-day work and their traditions, participating in the local fairs and festivals, doing the actual work on the farm, milking the cow, riding a bullock cart, are some of the activities that can be enjoyed on an agritourism outing. 3.2.1 Theoretical basis of agritourism Agritourism is multifunctional and cooperative strategy (Sidali et al., 2011; Wilson, 2007; Essex, et al., 2005; Schmitt, 2010; Mason, 2000). The post-productivits agricultural system is the new approach in agricultural development. It is very complicated than subsistence and productivits agriculture systems (Topcu, 2007). Post-productivits agriculture system is a broad concept and the five main tasks of it are qualitative priorities in food production, alternative income sources for farmers and sustainability of agricultural lands, conservation of environment and new employment opportunities. Agritourism can easily link with these new aspects of agricultural development. Moreover, agritourism can be performed in five important sectors such as agricultural economic, socio-cultural, environmental and educational context in an effective manner. Further, since it is highly involved with the gender factor, agritourism as a gender approach is also having higher importance (Topcu, 2007; Si dali, Spiller and Schulze; 2011; Wilson, 2007; Essex, et al., 2005). 3.2.2 Definitions of agritourism Before 1990, only a little information has been published on agritourism. This lack of information was one of the reasons for the absence for the commonly accepted definition (Lack, 1997). However, after 1990, the research literature on agritourism has flourished and several number of definitions are available now (McGehee and Kim, 2004). Some selected definitions of agritourism are as follows. Agritourism can be defined as the practice of engaging in activities, events and services that has been provided to consumers for recreational, entertainment, or educational purposes at a farm, ranch, or other agricultural, horticultural, or agribusiness operation in order to allow consumers to experience, learn about, and participate in various facets of agricultural industry, culinary pursuits, natural resources, and heritage (Colorado Agritourism Research Project, 2010). Tew (2010) cited The Agribusiness Development Division of the Missouri Department of Agriculture (2010) defines agritourism as, visiting a working farm or any agricultural, horticultural, or agribusiness operation for the purpose of appreciation, enjoyment, education, or recreational involvement with agricultural, natural or heritage resources Agritourism as an innovative agricultural activity related to tourism and agriculture both in which has capacity to create additional source of income and employment opportunities to the farmers and local communities (Maruti, 2009). Agritourism can be characterized as a business or activity that invites visitors to come on-farm or into a rural community to enjoy agriculture, its produce and the natural environment in which it exists. Agritourism is generally an additional enterprise added to the farm, integrating tourism into agri-business (Porcaro, 2009). An activity, enterprise or business which combines primary elements and characteristics of agriculture and tourism and provides an experience for visitors which stimulates economic activity and impacts both farm and community income (Bruch, 2008). Tourism on a working farm in which visitors can experience a direct connection with the host farm, rural life and/or the local environment. There is not a consistent definition of agritourism in the literature, and it has been used interchangeably with other terms. For example, some studies have previously been synonymously linked to rural tourism, farm tourism, agro-tourism, agricultural tourism and farm based vacation (Seong-woo and Sou-yeon, 2006; Ilbery, 1998; Ilbery, 1991). However, the main idea of all of these definitions is more or less similar. As a whole, agritourism can be explained as an interaction among agricultural producers, visitors, and local residents. Operators (mainly farmers) can earn extra income from the farm, visitors can get real knowledge and experience on farming and local residents can enhance their living slandered in several ways. 3.2.3 Working definition for agritourism in the study For the purpose of this study, agritourism is defined as tourism activities that conduct in working farm and surrounding, for enjoyment, education, recreation of visitors, hoping an additional income for the operator from farm resources in special and sustainable local development in general. This is the working definition for agritourism in this study that is suitable in Sri Lankan context. After having strong theoretical knowledge and practical experience in agritourism sector, this was developed, including considering the main purposes of agritourism visitors, motivation of agritourism operators and expectations of local residents for rural development. Economic, social, environmental dimensions have been included in this definition. 3.2.4 Activities involved in agritourism Normally, agritourism activities are the tourism activities take place in agricultural lands and surrounding rural environments. The number of agritourism activities mainly depends on the size of the farm and nature of the farming activities. These activities are important for the visitors to enjoy and learn agriculture. Blacka et al (2001) has divided agritourism activities in Virginia, into six categories as lodging and camping (bed and breakfast, camp sites, youth camp, farm vacation, weddings and honeymoons), special events and festivals (music festivals, haunted house, holiday celebrations, harvest festivals) Off the farm (farmers markets, roadside produce stands), recreational activities and events (fee fishing, hiking, rock climbing, horseback riding, skeet shooting), tourism related direct marketing (pick your own fruits/vegetables, sell processed food on the farm, sell herbal organic products) an youth and or adult education (Organized tours, agricultural educational program s, demonstrations). Lack (1995) divided agritourism British Colombia, into three groups as retail sales/ direct marketing (goods produced on-site, customer harvested produce and goods produced off-site), Tours (tour of processing facilities, scenic tours and tours of production facilities) and activities (accommodation, cultural activities, recreation and educational or hands on experiences). It is important to include all the possible agritourism activities because it helps to increase the length of stay and satisfaction of the visitors. In European countries, in a farm there are activities for visitors even for several days. However, the number of agritourism activities is lower in Asian countries. Further, activities in agritourism and rural tourism havent clearly categorized yet and most of the time they are used interchangeably. Briefly, a successful agritourism operation should have three aspects. They are the need to have things for visitors to see (educational tours, historical recreations, festivals/special events, crop arts), things for visitors to do (educational activities, petting zoos, hay rides, pick your own) and things for visitors to buy (food and drinks, farm products, souvenirs). Things to see and do are often offered free of charge. But, money can be earned by selling things to the visitors (Adam, 2001). Agritourism can be used as primary, supplementary or complementary enterprise. As a primary enterprise, agritourism would be the main activity in the farm. Agritourism could be a minor activity in supplementary enterprises and it would share equal footing in complementary enterprises (Blacka et al., 2001).Agritourism can consist of different alternatives such as temporary attraction or special event, part of a large agriculture-oriented destination, part of a huge non-agriculture-oriented des tination, and full agritourism operation. Different forms of agritourism business Farmers can incorporate agritourism activities to their farms in various ways according to the situation. Three possible ways are; as a supplementary, complementary or primary enterprise. To fulfill the final objective of agrotourism; farmer must think creatively and arrange it properly. (Mnguni, 2010). Supplementary enterprise In a supplementary enterprise, agritourism is a minor activity that would help the other products on the farm. For example, if the primary enterprise is crop production, educational and training programs can be introduced with marketing facility of value added crop products. Complementary enterprise In a complementary enterprise, agritourism activities have equal share with other enterprises in the farm product mix. For instance, if there is a grapes production enterprise on the farm, it the farmer wants to sell half of the grapes to a whole seller and the remainder to pick-your-own operations for visitors on the farm, then the two enterprises would be complementary enterprises. The primary enterprise In the primary enterprise, agritourism would be the major activity on the farm. For example, if a farmer hopes to begin a winery in the farm. He will definitely invite guests to have that experience by tasting the product. As a part of that package, he can offer an overnight accommodation in a cottage which is in the farm. And also the farmer can produce grapes in his own farm and use them to wine tasting activities. Here agritourism is the main part of the farm product mix and it becomes the primary enterprise (Bernardo, Valentin and Leatherman, 2007; Blacka, et al, 2001). Link the relevant sections with chapter 2 3.2.5 Issues and challenges of agritourism development As agritourism is a business activity, lots of requirements are essential for the successfulness of it. However, as agritourism it is conduct mainly in rural areas by farmers, presence of several issues and challenges is a common phenomenon. For example, a study by Lack (1995) in British Colombia, has discovered that, lack of training, marketing knowledge, quality control, finance, appropriate insurance, excessive regulations, personal challenges for farm families, conflict with primary agricultural production, distance from markets, infrastructure limitations and farm disease are the challenges of agritourism development in that country. Agritourism in Nova Scotia has some obstacles. Many agritourism operators face the problem of lack of assistance and the knowledge required to produce market-ready products as Nova Scotia Tourism. Culture is reluctant to include and to enhance agritourism in their marketing campaigns. This lack of support hinders the development of agritourism produ cts and services resulting poorly developed and marketed products by farmers. So, farmers could not develop many skills required to operate an effective tourism business (Colton and Bissix, 2005). A study in Haryana, India has reported that the Lack of funds for publicity and advertisement, less number of visitors, Lack of technology to develop farm tourism, lack of motivation of farmers, inadequate price for farm products/activities as major constraints in establishing agritourism (Shehrawat, 2009). In Sri Lanka, issues and challenges in agritourism are small size farm lands, lack of required skills for the operators, poor level of processing of agricultural products, low level of publicity and promotion are the significant factors. Furthermore, lack of visitors, environmental pollution, poor condition on infrastructure, are the common problems for all the operators (Malkanthi and Routray, 2011b). Although there are few differences, most of the issues and challenges are common for many countries. As issues and challenges are negatively affect for the growth of the sector, finding solutions is utmost important. Global warming is one of the prominent environmental issues and mass tourism has negative impacts on the environment. In mass tourism, large number of people gather to a same place and enjoy the tourism. Mass tourism indicates that the holiday is standardized, packaged rigidly and nonflexible. Due to the negative impacts of mass tourism, people have started to concern about the quality of the environment and the future of the tourism industry and also due to that has begun to focus on alternative forms of tourism. (Mairesse, 2007/2008) By showing importance of reality the rural environment reveals itself as an exceptional because it is far from the standard large-scale hotel chains. Rural Tourism needs a help for rural development without trespassing limits, an unseen entrance. Currently the issue of rural tourism is its sustainability. Only from the sustainable tourism can have an area of authentic countryside existence. Rural Tourism development should be totally different from the seaside tourism development which builds artificial villages and big holiday resorts without any identity. Currently the coastal lines have destroyed because the rural spaces are exceeding by urbanization. (Randelli, Romei, Tortora, Mossello, 2011) 3.2.6 Sustainability in agritourism operations Through Sustainable tourism development it is expected to protect and enhance the future opportunities while fulfilling the needs of current tourists and host regions. It is further explained as managing resources as fulfilling the economic, social, aesthetic needs, while maintaining cultural truthfulness, vital ecological processes, bio diversity and life carry systems (World Tourism Organization, 1999) Therefore, for long term sustainability, should have proper balance between environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects which is also known as principles aspects of Agro tourism development. Same as other tourism destinations, sustainability of agritourism destinations are very important in long run. Although most of the destinations that are feasible in short run, face difficulties in survival in long run. So, economic feasibility, social acceptability and environmental friendliness of tourism operations are equally applicable to agritourism as well. World Tourism Organization (2001) ,defines sustainable development as convene the requirement of present tourists and host regions as caring and improving opportunity for prospect. Its management of resources satisfies in way of economical, social and aesthetic needs satisfying while maintaining cultural integrity necessary for ecological processes, biological diversity and existence support system. Markandya, et.al, (2003) have reported that the three main linkages among tourism and sustainable development are economic, social and environmental. Given tourisms importance in the global challenges of climate change and poverty reduction, there is a need to urgently adopt a range of policies which encourages truly sustainable tourism that reflects a quadruple bottom line of environmental, social, economic and climate responsiveness. (Sharpley, 2009) Tourism can kill itself if we mismanage the tourism activities and places (Yalcin Kuwan and Perran Akan, 2001). Unspoiled natural environment is an asset of the industry. It will create the competitive advantage to the industry (Cater, 1993). The implementation and success of policies of sustainability, in employing tourism income to support social and cultural development and wild life conservation, require strategy framework which guides tourism development in a balanced and coherent way (Hall, 1998). Agritourism focus for increasing rural vitality and stimulating new economic opportunities through the diversification of farm operations and increased revenue on-site and near the operations (Geisler, 2008; Jensen, Lindborg, English, Menard. 2006). As a means to support the growth and development of the agritourism industry, Extension education can aid in the necessary programming for and education of community leaders and business operators. (Norby, Retallick, 2007) For sustainable Agritourism operations should minimize the environmental impacts by considering both local and global environmental impacts.Deforestation, water and air pollution etc should be minimized. And also through Agritourism can minimize the damage by conserving natural areas, habitats and wild life. One of the best ways of reaching to sustainability is through achieving a clear sense of difference from other competing destinations. By using local history, industry, culture, lifestyle and natural resources attraction can be done genuinely. And the operations should be done by representing the past, present and future aspirations of the local community as reflecting the values of the community.With proper understanding of target market can offer the products and services with added values.Agritourism is a kind of an operation which provides mutual benefits for visitors and hosts while acting as a economic and community development tool. Ultimately, good tourism businesses get involved with the community and collaborate with other businesses and stakeholders and help to build local capacity. Enhancing the production can be done through combination of agricultural and non-agricultural options. Increasing the productivity of labor, risk reducing and improving assets can be done through diversification. Linkages between the countryside, towns and cities can augment productivity and sustainability of production by creating employment, revenue and investment. Finance and investment involves the way of mobilization of resources from taxation, central government, the private sector, foreign direct investment and remittances from abroad. It also includes how resources are invested. Through proper strategic, Agro-Tourism could bring lot of advantages to the society. It could be a sustainable revenue producing product for rural market and can help inflow to resources from urban to the rural economy. It can avoid moving of rural people to urban. By using this particular form of rural tourism, it is feasible to fully discover the untapped potential of rural market. Both short term and long term preparation, implementing and monitoring are very important in avoiding harm to rural areas. Environmental management, local involvement, sound legislation, sustainable marketing and realistic planning are essential for Agro-Tourism development. Agro-Tourism is emerging as a vital instrument for sustain human development including poverty reduction, employment production, environmental renewal and development of remote areas and improvement of woman and other underprivileged groups in the country separate from promoting social integration and international consideration. The government should encourage Agro- Tourism to make sustainable economic growth and positive social change. In developing countries tourism has been greatly used for, and linked directly with reduction of rural poverty especially in developing countries. However, the application, and to a degree the principles, of the widely used organizing framework for considering reducing the poverty. Household income sustainability is applied the individual or family level, while tourism sustainability is applied to the industry and destinations at broad, more macro level scales. Economic feasibility As one element of destinations economy, tourism must support a viable economic base. A healthy economy enables a country, region or city to pursue initiatives designed to enhance the quality of its residents (Ritchie and Crouch, 2003). Traditional way of management of tourism destination was rather productive and resource-centered. But since there are limits in adapting to the market, the present strategy is combined supply and market let approach. In this context, management of demand is highly responsible for the sustainable tourism development (Kastenholz, 2004). So, instead of profit maximization of a destination by damaging the environment in short term, now the principle is to obtain the optimum profit. Economic benefits are positively related with the number of visitors. Further arrangement of traditional and cultural events is cost effective with this large number. However, as agritourism is a niche market, socio-culturally and environmentally sustainable, cooperation of cultural activities is very important. Socio-cultural feasibility Tourism operations must be compatible with the existing socio-cultural condition of the area where it is located. It is essential to test the social acceptability of tourism destinations (Gonzalez and Falcon, 2003). There should be a respect for the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities, conserve their built and living cultural heritage and traditional values, and contribute to inter-cultural understanding and tolerance by the tourism operators and especially by outside visitors. Then it is easy to work together by the tourism operators, visitors and the local community. This is a common for agritourism also. Since agritourism is mainly a service industry in rural areas, goodwill and cooperation of local communities are essential to make it successful (Cole, 2006; Knowd, 2006). Agritourism should be able to offer more positive socio-cultural impact than the negative impacts for the local community. This way agritourism can enhance the socio-cultural feasibility. Sharpley (2002) said that socio-cultural growth includes population of remote areas, development and maintenance of public services, renewal of local craft, customs and cultural recognition. Environmental feasibility Tourism destination should less damage to the surrounding environment; especially it should be free from serious environmental pollution activities. So, it should match with environmental rules and regulations and followed by Environment Impact Assessment (United Nations, 1999). However, the literature reveals that little evidence is there regarding environment being considered by farmers, planners and tourism professionals (Kline et al. 2007). Although it is difficult and expensive, agritourism development should follow the sustainable tourism procedures to obtain the real benefits of it forever. However, most of the operators in many countries mainly emphasize only on short term economic advantages without social and environmental benefits. This is the reason for the breakdown of many tourism operations including agritourism, within a short time period. Participatory approach in Agro tourism and rural development The variety mentioned above may be explained by a brief analysis of some of the proposed definitions of participation. With regard to rural development, participation includes peoples involvement in decision-making processes, in implementing programmes, their sharing in the benefits of development programmes and their involvement in efforts to evaluate such programmes (Cohen and Uphof, 1977). Participation is a process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives and the decisions and resources which affect them (World Bank, 1994). Participation in spatial planning denotes the co-decision capability of the affected citizens and institutions of the civil society in diverse stages of the decision-making process. When some citizens are affected directly, the participation right is assured by law. In many cases, it is optional. But there are good reasons why optional forms of participation are being applied. Areas with an enduring high out-migration, the left over population often tends to act passively. The huge social changes, the harder it is to generate fulfill edged participation through the differences of education, local hierarchy, social position and political direction. Intraregional co-operation can be expected as a market place of potentials. Each of the groups or individuals integrated in the process of contribution brings in some kind of potential formal political power, informal power of opinion ideas, financial means, and ownership of land, contacts or just personal dedication. The position of the individual within the decision-making procedure is hugely determined by the extent to which the specific potential is esteemed according to objective and subjective criteria. Participatory approaches are used in order to start up novel development paths and to interpret ideas and concepts into action. At the commencement, however, the competing behavior of the actors prevails. One temporary goal of participatory approaches is therefore to stress common interests and to help compromises which are not pressed through by local things, but at least suitable to all. Participation typology Type of Participation Some Components and Characteristics Passive Participation People are told what is going to happen or has already happened. Top down, information shared belongs only to external professionals Participation in information giving People answer questions posed by extractive researchers, using surveys etc. People not able to influence the research Participation by consultation People are consulted and external agents listen to their views. Usually externally defined problems and solutions. People not really involved in decision making. Participation as consultation. Participation by material incentives Provision of resources, e.g. labor. Little incentive to participate after the incentives end, for example much farm research, some community forestry. Functional Participation Groups are formed to meet predetermined objectives. Usually done after major project decisions are made, therefore initially dependent on outsiders but may become self dependent and enabling. Participation as organization. Interactive Participation Joint analysis to joint actions. Possible use of new local institutions or strengthening existing ones. Enabling and empowering so people have a stake in maintaining structures or practices. Self-Mobilization Already empowered, take decisions independently of external institutions. May or may not challenge existing inequitable distributions of wealth and power. Participation as empowering (Source: Pimbert and Pretty, 1994). 3.2.7 Government policies in agritourism In general local government is the most important authority in establishing tourism development policies (Perce, 1989). However, the types and the content of its involvement vary from country to country based on the political, economic, and constitutional systems. In many European countries governments have supported the growth of the agritourism sector. There are national policies for the support and development of agritourism in a number of countries for a long time. For instance, in France, state financial aids to support the renovation of redundant farm buildings into accommodation facilities were introduced in 1954. Farms in Italy, Germany and Denmark also have long benefited from national support for the development of tourist facilities (Frater, 1983; Nilsson, 2002). In Britain, Scheme offering financial incentives and advices about diversification, together with partial relaxation of planning restrictions, have facilitated the development of farm-based tourism. The farm diversification Grant Scheme introduced by the ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in 1988, was one of the first measures offering grants to farmers to help them develop diversification schemes (Walford, 2001). According to Douglas and Douglas, (2001); Fernando, Rebollo and Biadal, (2003), it is important to develop policies in a proactive nature to lay the foundation and capture the development potential of tourism for rural communities. So, the national rural tourism strategy of a country must emphasis on infrastructure development, product development, accreditation and industrial standards, education and training, market analysis and the role of government authorities and industrial leaders in further developing the rural tourism product. Ritchie and Crouch (2003) reported that policy is an important factor which ensures the success of tourism destination. It also creates a friendly environment among stakeholders. Therefore, the main objectives of agritourism policy are to minimize and alleviate negative environmental, social and cultural impacts; optimize revenue for industry and re-invest in conservation; optimize the active involvement of, and equitable distribution of economic benefits to, local communities; educate visitors and citizens about the importance of conserving natural and cultural heritage; promote ethical behavior and responsibilities towards the natural and cultural environment; manage operations such that there are long term benefits to the resource, industry and the local residents; deliver high quality, value-for-money, enlightens and participatory natural resources and culture-based experience for visitors; encourage travel in a spirit of humanity, respect and learning about local hosts, their culture and the natural environment etc. Victorious farm-based tourism mostly depends on policy makers, government officers at the local or countrywide level (Beus and Dunlap, 1993) . Brohma (1996) has clearly explained the importance of government involvement in rural development in his study for the third world development, there are necessary new paths. Though the third world tourism has developed fastly, it has encountered many troubles common to outward-oriented development strategies such as extreme foreign dependency, the formation of separate enclaves, the strengthening of socioeconomic and spatial inequalities, environment destruction and increasing cultural separation. To avoid those troubles, institutional mechanisms require to be formed to give confidence active state and participation of community in tourism planning. Ritchie and Crouch (2003) reported that the following aspects are important as government policies of the sector. Infrastructure policy (Can make destination safer and attractive for the visitors), Local zoning policy/by-laws (Can restrict or encourage tourism facility development), Land use and land assignation, Water resource management, Heritage conservation, Credit facility (granting reduced-interest loans to business and enterprises Affects costs and therefore profitability), Tax and subsidies (Tax concessions for investments, Can affect the growth of the industry negatively and positively and finally for the profitability of the destination), Minimum wage policy (Can affect labor markets), Agricultural policy (Organic farming, Soil conservation), Welfare policy (Can influence the nature and behavior of the work force), Education, extension and Training policy (Can affect the quality of the workforce), Marketing policy, Environmental policy (Limits growth and access to attractiv e but sensiti

Gladiatorial Combat In Rome :: Gladiators, Chariots, Roman Games

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gladiatorial contests (munera gladitoria), hold a central place in our perception of Roman behavior. They were also a big influence on how Romans themselves ordered their lives. Attending the games was one of the practices that went with being a Roman. The Etruscans who introduced this type of contest in the sixth century BC, are credited with its development but its the Romans who made it famous. A surviving feature of the Roman games was when a gladiator fell he was hauled out of the arena by a slave dressed as the Etruscan death-demon Charun. The slave would carry a hammer which was the demon's attribute. Moreover, the Latin term for a trainer-manager of gladiators (lanista), was believed to be an Etruscan word. (4:50) Gladiators of Ancient Rome lived their lives to the absolute fullest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gladiatorial duels had originated from funeral games given in order to satisfy the dead man's need for blood, and for centuries their principle occasions were funerals. The first gladiatorial combats therefore, took place at the graves of those being honored, but once they became public spectacles they moved into amphitheaters. (2:83) As for the gladiators themselves, an aura of religious sacrifice continued to hang about their combats. Obviously most spectators just enjoyed the massacre without any remorseful reflections. Even ancient writers felt no pity, they were aware that gladiators had originated from these holocausts in honor of the dead. What was offered to appease the dead was counted as a funeral rite. It is called munus (a service) from being a service due. The ancients thought that by this sort of spectacle they rendered a service to the dead, after they had made it a more cultured form of cruelty. The belief was that the souls of the dead are appeased with human blood, they use to sacrifice captives or slaves of poor quality at funerals. Afterwards it seemed good to obscure their impiety by making it a pleasure. (6:170) So after the acquired person had been trained to fight as best they can, their training was to learn to be killed! For such reasons gladiators were sometimes known as bustuarii or funeral men. Throughout many centuries of Roman history, these commemorations of the dead were still among the principle occasions for such combats. Men writing their wills often made provisions for gladiatorial duels in connection with their funerals. Early in the first century AD, the people of Pollentia forcibly prevented the burial of an official, until his heirs had been compelled to provide money for a gladiators' show. (1:174)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was in Campania and Lucania that the gladiatorial games came to their

Undecidability in Beckets The Endgame Essay -- Samuel Becket Postmode

This paper aims to study postmodern element of undecidability in Samuel Becket's Endgame. As Butler and Davis holds, "What is different about Becket is not that he provokes a critical response ... but the protean, open-ended, 'undecidable' and inexhaustible quality of the challenge he offers" (168). Endgame like Becket's other plays is in a way that, as Wittgenstein notes, is nothing more than "language play" between characters and although there are some minor actions there are not in such a way to affect the play, moreover it is their vague utterances that make the play undecidable for the reader to make out what is happening. Andrew Bennett and Nicholas Royle in their An Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory explain the term undecidability as: Undecidability involves the impossibility of deciding between two or more competing interpretations ... classical logic is founded on the law of non-contradiction: something cannot be both A and not A at the same time. The postmodern gives particular emphasis to ways in which this law may be productively questioned or suspended. Undecidability splits the text, disorders it. Undecidability dislodges the principle of a single final meaning in a literary text (232). One of the most significant and undecidable subject of the play, that perplex the reader just at the very beginning of the play, is its title. Vivian Mercier points out that, the title reminding both of the ?ending? and ?end game? in chess (117). Considering the latter assumption, it suggests that red-faced Hamm in his wheel chair is the Red King, who can only be moved one square at a time in any direction and Clov, also red-faced, is more mobile Red chess man with his unsteadily walk... ... The Norton Anthology of English Literature: . The Major Authors. Ed. M. H. Abrams. New York: Norton, 2001. 2657-84. Bennett, Andrew, and Nicholas Royle. ?An Introduction to Literature, Criticism . and Theory.? 2nd ed. London: Prentice Hall Europe, 1999. Hale, Jane Alison. ?Endgame: How are your eyes?.? The Broken Window: . . Beckett?s Dramatic Perspective. West Lafayette: Purdue UP, 1987. Mercier, Vivian. ?How to Read Endgame.? Ed. Andonian, Cathleen Culotta. . The Critical Response to Samuel Becket. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, . 1998. Pattie, David. ?The Complete Critical Guide to Samuel Becket.? London: . . Routlege, 2000. Undecidability in Becket's The Endgame Essay -- Samuel Becket Postmode This paper aims to study postmodern element of undecidability in Samuel Becket's Endgame. As Butler and Davis holds, "What is different about Becket is not that he provokes a critical response ... but the protean, open-ended, 'undecidable' and inexhaustible quality of the challenge he offers" (168). Endgame like Becket's other plays is in a way that, as Wittgenstein notes, is nothing more than "language play" between characters and although there are some minor actions there are not in such a way to affect the play, moreover it is their vague utterances that make the play undecidable for the reader to make out what is happening. Andrew Bennett and Nicholas Royle in their An Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory explain the term undecidability as: Undecidability involves the impossibility of deciding between two or more competing interpretations ... classical logic is founded on the law of non-contradiction: something cannot be both A and not A at the same time. The postmodern gives particular emphasis to ways in which this law may be productively questioned or suspended. Undecidability splits the text, disorders it. Undecidability dislodges the principle of a single final meaning in a literary text (232). One of the most significant and undecidable subject of the play, that perplex the reader just at the very beginning of the play, is its title. Vivian Mercier points out that, the title reminding both of the ?ending? and ?end game? in chess (117). Considering the latter assumption, it suggests that red-faced Hamm in his wheel chair is the Red King, who can only be moved one square at a time in any direction and Clov, also red-faced, is more mobile Red chess man with his unsteadily walk... ... The Norton Anthology of English Literature: . The Major Authors. Ed. M. H. Abrams. New York: Norton, 2001. 2657-84. Bennett, Andrew, and Nicholas Royle. ?An Introduction to Literature, Criticism . and Theory.? 2nd ed. London: Prentice Hall Europe, 1999. Hale, Jane Alison. ?Endgame: How are your eyes?.? The Broken Window: . . Beckett?s Dramatic Perspective. West Lafayette: Purdue UP, 1987. Mercier, Vivian. ?How to Read Endgame.? Ed. Andonian, Cathleen Culotta. . The Critical Response to Samuel Becket. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, . 1998. Pattie, David. ?The Complete Critical Guide to Samuel Becket.? London: . . Routlege, 2000.

Hemingway :: essays research papers fc

Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), born in Oak Park, Illinois, started his career as a writer in a newspaper office in Kansas City at the age of seventeen. After the United States entered the First World War, he joined a volunteer ambulance unit in the Italian army. Serving at the front, he was wounded, was decorated by the Italian Government, and spent considerable time in hospitals. After his return to the United States, he became a reporter for Canadian and American newspapers and was soon sent back to Europe to cover such events as the Greek Revolution. During the twenties, Hemingway became a member of the group of expatriate Americans in Paris, which he described in his first important work, The Sun Also Rises (1926). Equally successful was A Farewell to Arms (1929), the study of an American ambulance officer's disillusionment in the war and his role as a deserter. Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the background for his most ambitious novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). Among his later works, the most outstanding is the short novel, The Old Man and the Sea (1952), the story of an old fisherman's journey, his long and lonely struggle with a fish and the sea, and his victory in defeat. Hemingway - himself a great sportsman - liked to portray soldiers, hunters, bullfighters - tough, at times primitive people whose courage and honesty are set against the brutal ways of modern society, and who in this confrontation lose hope and faith. His straightforward prose, his spare dialogue, and his predilection for understatement are particularly effective in his short stories, some of which are collected in Men Without Women (1927) and The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938). Hemingway died in Idaho in 1961. From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969 This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and later published in the book series Les Prix Nobel/Nobel Lectures. The information is sometimes updated with an addendum submitted by the Laureate. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above. Selected Bibliography Baker, Carlos. Hemingway: The Writer as Artist. Fourth edition, Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, 1972. Bruccoli, Matthew J. (Ed.). Ernest Hemingway's apprenticeship: Oak Park, 1916-1917. NCR Microcard Editions: Washington, D.C., 1971. Bruccoli, Matthew J., and Robert W. Trogdon (Eds.). The Only Thing That Counts: The Ernest Hemingway-Maxwell Perkins Correspondence 1925-1947.

America missouri

The Missouri compromise was a certain kind of agreement that was signed back in 1820, between the anti – slavery and pro-slavery factions in the United States congress . This agreement basically involved the primary regulations of slavery in the western territories. The agreement prohibited slavery in the former northern Louisiana territory exempting the upper boundaries of the proposed Missouri state. Prior before the agreement was met, the House of Representatives had refused to accept this kind of compromise and a conference committee was to be appointed to tackle the issues arising from this compromise.Justices would not have been achieved in lieu of such a case where struggle had erupted between the whites and the blacks, owing to the discrepancy that had existed between these to sets of human beings and Africans being considered minorities. The United States Senate rejected this move and it refused to concur with the amendment and the entire measure was all lost. Was the re are any possible and fair move that would have resolved this conflict? Equity/ fairness were not the tools to play in this context for they would have achieved minimal if not insignificant difference.During the following secession that is between 1819- 1820, a similar bill was passed with an amendment, which was introduced on 26 January 1820, by sir John W. Taylor of New York, which permitted Missouri into a union as a slave state. This quest was completed with the admission of Alabama as a slave state in December rendering the number of slave and Free states equal. Consequently, a bill was passed in the house on January 3rd 1820, admitting Maine as a Free State .However, the Senate thought and decided to merge the two measures together, whereby a bill for admission of Maine accompanied by an amendment enabling the people of Missouri to establish a state constitution was amended (http://www. infoplease. com/ce6/history/A0833427. html). Just before the bill was send back to the ho use, a second amendment was adopted stirred by Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois which excluded slavery from the Missouri territory to the north and southern boundaries of Missouri, further exempting the proposed regions within the limits of the proposed state of Missouri.Disputes emerged between the two ends that is the southern and the northern states struggling for power in congress and control over the future territories. This discourse emerged as the different factions and the democratic – Republican Party began losing its coherence. In April 21st Thomas Jefferson wrote a letter stating that such kind of a division created by the comprehensive compromise line would however, lead to the destruction of the union.Congress considerations over the admission of Missouri raised issues of sectional balance, for the country had become equally divided between slave and free slave states each having a composition of eleven regions (http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h511. html). The ad mission of Missouri as a slave state was to tip up the balance in the senate which was composed of two senators from each state in due favor of the slave states. As a result of this discourse states along the northern hemisphere wanted Maine to be admitted as a free state.By the beginning of the year 1818, Missouri had expanded in terms of population and it gained sufficient population enough to warrant its admission into a union state. Its occupants largely originated from the south and it was expected that this would be a slave state. A state house bill was passed in the house of representatives by James Tallmadge of New York the same year proposing an amendment that would ban the importation of slave trade and bring an ultimate emancipation of the slaves born in Missouri .A close analysis following this proceedings ranging from the two ends showed that justice was sort through legal procedures and fairness was not the tool to attack the whole issue. In reference to this effect an other amendment was passed to the house in February 1819 where the senate was not involved . Bitterness among candidates from both ends during the debate sharply placed emphasis towards the sectional division of Unite States (http://www. americaslibrary. gov/cgibin/page. cgi/aa/presidents/monroe/compromise_1). In 1820, a bill admitting Maine as a state was also passed through the house.This was precisely a legal proceeding that was meant to ensure justice was observed to settle the conflict. The successful admission of Alabama as a slave state by the year 1819 converged the Free states and slave states to equal representations in the senate. This was achieved through pairing Maine and Missouri to be Free states. This equality was to be maintained. The two bills were later merged together as one senate, both having a clause forbidding slavery in Missouri and further prohibiting slavery in the remaining parts of Louisiana the Upper north 36 30’N lat and the southern boundary la titude of Missouri.This compromise bill was rejected by the house. The rejection called for another conference meeting made up of members from both houses to ponder the issue not based on legal procedure but this time to consider equity and fairness was done on both sides. These bills were however, treated as separate entities and by March, 1820, Maine achieved its goals and it was made a state of its own while Missouri was authorized to establish a constitution of its own having no restrictions on slavery.Stern legal procedures were to be observed in order to ensure the senate proceedings were not driven by personal or individual opinions, but whatever move taken was to be a consolidation of thoughts through various forums and consultations. The provisions to the Missouri constitution permiting the immigration of the free blacks to the states was highly objected by the many northern congressmen, a situation which called for another congressional compromise. This discourse would hav e stirred more conflicts once more. Stern legal procedures were to be observed this time round to settle this dispute (http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h511.html). The Missouri legislature stood up vividly this time round to defend his constitution and held its power high that nothing in his constitution would be interpreted to abridge the rights of the citizens of United States a move that saw the charter ratified and Missouri was admitted to the Union In August 1821. Henry Clay, the speaker of the senate did not either match to secure passage of the entire compromise. The application of Missouri to be offered consideration for statehood sparked a bitter debate in the congress concerning the issue of territories which had been created as a result of the purchase of Louisiana of 1803.With the concern that the southern end would have representational advantage, Ney York Congressman James Tallmadge introduced another amendment that was to prohibit any further expansion of slavery within the area. This action was however, to set the children of Missouri free. Despites the many dangers and challenges for having free blacks intermingling with slaves, Tallmadge come out rightly to defend his people, and he declared that he was aware of the will of his constituents and as their representatives he avowed to proclaim their hatred to slavery occurring in any shape.Once more, legal procedures had to take toes to resolve this conflict and a consensus was reached when the two parts compromised the situation. At last the northern part of Massachusetts finally become Maine and it was later admitted to the union as a free state the same time when Missouri was being admitted as a slave state. The two ends thereby, maintained an equal balance of regions where Missouri had 12, and Maine got 12 respectively. By and large, an imaginary line, 36 digress 30 minutes north latitude was drawn while the portions of Louisiana territory lying along the north of the compromise line wer e to be set as Free states(http://civilwar. bluegrass. net/secessioncrisis/200303. html). Work Cited Secession Crisis: The Missouri Compromise â€Å"A Balance of Power† March 3, 1820. Retrieved on 24th July 2009 from, http://civilwar. bluegrass. net/secessioncrisis/200303. html Missouri Compromise. Retrieved on 24th July 2009 from, http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h511. html The Missouri Compromise. Retrieved on 24th July 2009 from, http://www. americaslibrary. gov/cgibin/page. cgi/aa/presidents/monroe/compromise_1 Missouri Compromise. Retrieved on 24th July 3009 from, http://www. infoplease. com/ce6/history/A0833427. html

Global Business Cultural Analysis

Kenya lies to the eastside of the Afri dejection continent and has a margin on the Indian Ocean. The expanse straddles two of the most famous lakes in Africa Lake Turkana and Lake Victoria. At its stub is Mount Kenya from which the country takes its name. The Kenyan population is heterogeneous, comprising seven major pagan groups as well as tens of sm any singles and non-Kenyan communities. There is a unearthly assortment with a Christian absolute majority and Moslem and indigenous religious minorities. Formerly a British colony, Kenya achieved indep force outence in 1963. apprehension the various cultural norms and ethnic and religious groups is essential when doing occupation in Kenya. Kenyan Culture Key Concepts and Values Group-relations Kenyans substantiate strong affiliations to their ethnic group or tribe and slightlytimes place them in front of the nation. The family is at the heart of Kenyan life and is pull inn anteriority over everything else. Several generations will support together in angiotensin-converting enzyme theatre of operations with either family members taking c ar of one another. Absenteeism from cipher or delays in perform tasks due to family obligations is frequently throwd in Kenya and is viewed as perfectly accept commensu footstep.Religion The majority of the population is Christian (Protestant and Catholic) but there is alike a substantial Islamic (Sunni) minority. At the same time Animism and stem worship remain widespread. Both Christians and Islamics perplex managed to incorporate traditional practices into their respective religions creating uncommon blends to suit their particular needs. Time In general, Kenyans extradite a more than relaxed b break towards time and live at a slower pace. It is not unusual to depend half an hour for virtuallyone to become for an appointment and this is seen as perfectly acceptable. taking c atomic number 18 of personal affairs start is regarded as mo re master(prenominal) than arriving on time. This being said, today particularly in the unavowed firmament there is a growing trend of punctuality and find deadlines. Doing concern in Kenya is the one of Africas more affluent nations and is seen a business organisation organization hub for East Africa. The countrys thrift has been hampered though by corruption and a reliance on certain respectables whose equipment casualtys l establish failed to rise sufficiently. Kenya has also been affected by the global economic downturn and in 2008 saw a 7% terminate in its GDP growth from the introductory year.Despite this, tourism, manufacturing and investment know predominated in the Kenyan prudence over the last four decades giving Kenya a prized station within Africa. Understanding how Kenyas deliverance and politics impact its business finish will help you when doing business in Kenya. Kenyan Business Part 1 working(a) in Kenya o Working practices in Kenya Business hou rs in Kenya ar from 900am to 400pm, with a one hour break for lunch surrounded by 100pm and 200pm. virtually businesses also operate on Saturday mornings. Kenyans beat a flexible attitude towards time, so locate apartt be surprised if business meetings or social events begin late. promptness tends to be expected when dealing with foreigners though, so select material to arrive on time. Kenyans do not tend to document a precise end to meetings. What matters is not adhering to a schedule but ensuring that everybody twisting is satisfied with the outcome. Therefore make sure to leave enough time in your agenda when attending a meeting. side is widely spoken in Kenyan business environss and you cannister expect your counterparts to absorb good language skills so you can conduct your business in English. A little knowledge of basic Kiswahili phrases perpetually leaves a good impression and can help to break the ice.Structure and power structure in Kenyan companies Busines s hierarchies argon generally clearly defined, specially in family owned companies. Although employees be welcome to give suggestions and comments, the final decision is taken by senior members or managers. Education and experience are important qualities and main sources of credibility. A personable character can earn extra credit. Foreigners tend to be approached with full(prenominal) regard simply on the floor of their external expertise. Hierarchy plays an important fibre in the business structure of Kenya. Be mindful of a colleagues title and their place in the organization. end making in Kenyan businesses tends to work on a top-down basis, with objectives narrow and decisions made by those in the soaringest positions. assess and deference to ones elders should be observed when in Kenya. First business meetings are often quite positive until the relationship is accomplished. Relationships outside of the business environment can help build stronger ties too. The in eg g and informal nature of networking out of the authorisation can help cement a stronger working relationship. This is often done by offering your colleague a discombobulate or meal.Kenya Business Part 2 Doing Business in Kenya o Business practices in Kenya Being a polychrome society, Kenyan business practice focuses on getting things done by enjoin of priority kind of than working to a invest time schedule. In many an(prenominal) businesses the working day will draw a blank at specific times for Muslim members of lag to pray. Business attire is formal in Kenya. Men wear suits and ties tour women wear long dresses or skirts which slip a trend below the knee. Women do not unremarkably wear trousers although this trend is slowly changing. Women should make sure their shoulders are covered and should not wear anything too revealing.Business card are often apply in Kenya and should be given and received with both detainment. Marketing notices are state-controlled or stat e-sanctioned entities legally granted control over the leveraging or sale of verdant commodities. Since the mid-1980s they discombobulate line of descentd in number to a lower place pressure from domestic liberalization and from international trade rules that increasingly cover agriculture. Where reforms have been widespread and successful, grocery boards have vanished or retreated to providing public goods, such as strategic grain reserves or insurance against extraordinary legal injury fluctuations i. . the field cereals board, the Tea board of Kenya. Where reforms have been little successful, the weaknesses of one-on-one unsophisticated merchandise impart have been revealed by the roll okay of food merchandising boards, often leading to calls for reinstatement of powerful marketing boards. It is often suggested that an exporting country should make up ones mind up a price stabilisation blood to insulate farmers from fluctuations in the universe of discourse marke t price, by collecting a proportion of farmers revenue when prices are high and paying it out when prices are low. A typical price stabilization line of descent is aline up for an export crop.In years when the world price is high, some of the returns are paid into the fund in years when it is low, the accumulated revenues are used to bring up the price. There are many variations on this basic model. any(prenominal) of the funds concisely collapse, while others go on for years, surviving but not necessarily achieving their objectives. The objectives of the fund are ordinarily obscure, sometimes deliberately so. For example, farmers press for stabilization without making it too obvious that to them stabilization means a lower ricochet to prices rather than an upper limit in other words, they want a high average price.Consumers think of price stabilization as imposing minimum prices rather than both maxima and minima. It is often assumed without discourse or evidence that p rice stabilization benefits the farmer and is beneficial to the economy. To provide price stability, marketing boards set the prices for farmers. During a lenify of high prices in the world market, they cache funds over and preceding(prenominal) the set local fair game, which they later use to buffer farmers whenever the global market prices plummet. The marketing boards make the sole legal authority to purchase commodities from farmers and to engage in trade.Through the boards, presidential terms typically fix official perplexr prices for all controlled commodities. Marketing boards provide a guaranteed market for the farmers, absorbing all marketed surplus at the official producer prices, and maintaining extensive purchase networks and storage facilities throughout the production voices. particle marketing boards comm exclusively handle the strategic food reserves for emergency situations, and have the responsibility to import food in shortage seasons. They also stabiliz e prices, and then protecting farmers from sharp fluctuations.The boards also commence funds for sales promotion, research and attachment services. To raise farmers bargaining power- especially to resist over exploitation of farmers by shopping center men. The boards also improve quality regulation. In the last two decades, the production of primordial exports in our country has been dwindling, and in some cases, almost ceased altogether. The crops in question are pyrethrum, sisal, cotton, coffee, and to a lesser extent, tea. The NCPB administers seeds and fertilizers to farmers at subsidise rates and buys their produce at high prices than the market price, as a way of offering incentives to farmers.To ensure food security, NCPB has silos all over the country that store grains in times of surplus production and sell them in times of food shortages at affordable prices. This helps improve the countrys food supply situation. The Kenya Meat armorial bearing which was recentl y referd, served an important role, during the droughts that ravaged the country, by buying cattle from owners, who would otherwise have suffered a very big damage as the animals would have perished in the drought. like a shot the farmers can replenish their herds when the drought passes.The Kenya accommodating creameries is also another marketing board that buys milk from farmers at better prices than go between and hence offering a ready market to milk as a produce in the country. The drinking chocolate board of Kenya and the Kenya Tea suppuration government agency also buys produce from farmers at good prices, so that farmers are ensured of a market for their produce and can be able to develop themselves from income earned. The boards then sell the produce through exports. This board deals with buying pyrethrum from farmers and finding a market for it.Boards established by the colonialists have, on the whole, been playing a major role in marketing most of these crops, but the majority is inefficient, corrupt, and in topicual to bring the necessary changes to the agricultural sector to meet the challenges of global competition. Measuring whether the above objectives have been achieved is difficult, since most of these boards offer minimum public information and data important for analysis. In the current global market, private firms, with the intent of maximizing returns, will invariably hunt for the best world prices.Their staff is likely to be more able than the bloated workforce littering our boards. Farmers would be better served by private entities. Since new farmers are ever joining a given sector, the arranging of stabilization is disadvantageous to the old ones. cash set aside earlier end up cushioning even the newcomers. Since the 1990s, the target prices set by the boards seem to have been out-paced by the rate of inflation. In real terms, it is the farmers who experience negative returns for their products.Most crops in our country co me from specific regions where survive conditions are favorable. Centralization of the marketing boards dampens the excitement of farmers. It is in the best interest of the country for income obtained in a certain region to remain there in the men of farmers, save for the taxes raised by the State. Some senior employees at the head offices, who do not even come from the areas in which the crops are grown, sometimes earn more in a year than do farmers in their whole lives.Our marketing boards are government revenue collectors rather than price stabilizers. Farmers pay more taxes at the hands of these boards, than they would otherwise. The establishment of various agencies in the agricultural sector for various crops is wasteful in terms of overheads and inexperienced staff. The very objectives for which the boards were set up can be handled by the Ministry of Agriculture in collaboration with co-operatives and private marketing enterprises.The subsidies embedded in grains price sy stems, coupled with heavy overhead cost associated with high administrative, superman and storage costs, soon created huge tax burdens. The pan territorial reserve pricing system meant higher transportation and handling costs in sorrowful commodities from some remote areas, and the management of spacious volumes of commodities in storage was costly. In addition, the observe of private trade was not only costly but generally ineffective, especially for food commodities in shortage seasons. E. g.The guinea pig Cereals and Produce Board (NCPB) of Kenya accumulated an estimated red ink of about $300 million by 1993, in contrast with central government expenditure on agriculture of $33 million. Marketing boards also face organisational challenges. Their susceptibility to bureaucracy and corruption increase both the inefficiency in their operations and the legal proceeding costs for farmers and consumers. In 2011 Kenyas economy recorded moderate growth, driven in general by financ ial intermediation, tourism, construction and agriculture. staring(a) Domestic Product (GDP) growth is intercommunicate to expand modestly in 2012 and 2013.In 2011 it was held back by an unstable macroeconomic environment characterized by rising inflation, tack rate depreciation and high vital force costs. Limited rainfall in the number 1 half of 2011 resulted in a decline in aggregate food production, a factor that contributed significantly to runaway inflation. The inflationary pressures experienced in 2011 and the depreciation of the Kenyan shilling (KES) can be traced back in part to the Central bank building of Kenyas decision to cut its repo rate from 7% to 6% in celestial latitude 2010 in a bid to revive lending and stimulate growth.However, increase consumer necessitate pushed up prices and put pressure on the Kenyan shilling as regard for imports increased substantially. Inflation is projected to fall to single figures in 2012 and 2013 thanks to meliorate food prod uction and stability in fuel prices. The year 2011 was marked by the passing of legislation to put into effect the new constitution and the appearance of six Kenyan citizens at the International wrong Court, while political parties began preparing for elections expected in 2012.Youth unemployment is a growing task in Kenya as it makes up 70% of total unemployment. The Youth Enterprise Development Fund, operational over the last fiver years as the main intervention agency, has, among other actions, disbursed almost KES 6 zillion to some 157 538 spring chicken enterprises organized youth trade fairs built simple bag for young people and started pre-financing training for the young. The fund will be expanded in the coming years to ensure increased employment for the young.